Section 9.3 introduces our proposal of a systematic classification, one that fulfils adequate descriptive purposes and that maps salient moral distinctions into the different denominations of hacker types. 9.2) with a historical introduction, describing how the term hacking and different denominations for different varieties of hacking have been introduced in everyday, journalistic and technical language. The goal of this chapter is to provide a conceptual analysis of ethical hacking. The article concludes by suggesting a pragmatic best-practice approach for characterising ethical hacking, which reaches beyond business-friendly values and helps in the taking of decisions that are respectful of the hackers’ individual ethics in morally debatable, grey zones. It is recognised, however, that in terms of assessment, it may be quite difficult to determine who is an ethical hacker in the ‘all things considered’ sense, while society may agree more easily on the determination of who is one in the ‘business-friendly’ limited sense. However, there is no guarantee that respecting such values is always compatible with the all-things-considered morally best act.

‘Ethical hackers’ are often identified with hackers that abide to a code of ethics privileging business-friendly values. Subsequently, the article identifies a tension between common usage and a normatively adequate nomenclature. The goal of this chapter is to provide a conceptual analysis of ethical hacking, comprising history, common usage and the attempt to provide a systematic classification that is both compatible with common usage and normatively adequate.

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